Discipline and Punish by Michel Foucault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Discipline and Punish by Michel Foucault - Essay Example Thesis: Power was the fulcrum around which all else revolved during the Classical period and through Foucault’s examples and arguments we understand how the body was debased through coercion and control, but gradually there came about a shift in power relations which we are experiencing today. In Foucault’s words - â€Å"Perhaps we should abandon the belief that power makes mad and that, by the same token, the renunciation of power is one of the conditions of knowledge. We should admit, rather, that power produces knowledge†¦.† (Michael Foucault, 1977, pp. 27/28) According to Foucault, both power and knowledge compliment each other and go hand in hand together. He explains that power relations cannot exist without the field of knowledge and in the same way, it is knowledge that contributes towards power relations. In Part I, Foucault speaks about torture that was used as a tool to discipline the body during the 18th century, giving us examples of torturous p enalties that were meted out during those days such as public executions. E.g. Damien’s torture (pgs. 3-5) This period of torture resulted in the ushering in of a new penal system for Europe and the United States. New theories involving law and crime were introduced while the ancient laws and customs were discarded and the new reforms were based on the political justification of punishment. According to Foucault, â€Å"justice no longer takes public responsibility for the violence that is bound up with its practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Michael Foucault, 1977, p.9) However, with the introduction of the new penal system in our society today, judges have to judge something more than the crime and part of their powers are distributed to other authorities. â€Å"Today, criminal justice functions and justifies itself only by this perpetual reference to something other than itself, by this unceasing reinscription in non-juridical systems.   It’s fate is to be redefined by knowl edge† (22). In Part II, Foucault sheds light on ‘Punishment’. During this period punitive practices were redefined through refinement. Cold blooded criminality morphed into a criminality of fraud. This complex mechanism laid more emphasis and value on more stringent methods of surveillance and effective techniques of getting information which critics called ‘a bad economy of power.’ (79) The eighteenth century saw many reforms in the legal system such as new techniques and tactics for refining and regularizing the art of punishment and reducing the economic and political costs by making it more effective. In Part III, Foucault discusses about ‘Docile bodies’ that was directed towards coercion and supervising the activity rather than the result. In Foucault’s opinion, discipline serves to create docile bodies by disassociating the power from the body. On one hand, it increases an individuals capacity and aptitude but on the other ha nd, it arrests the flow of energy and brings about subjection. According to Foucault, â€Å"disciplinary coercion establishes in the body, the constricting link between an increased aptitude and an increased domination† (138) Among Foucault’s Disciplinary techniques, the one I have chosen for discussion is – ‘Control of Activity.’ Foucault describes discipline as a constant controlling of the activities,

Four Poems by Derek Mahon Essay Example for Free

Four Poems by Derek Mahon Essay Four Poems by Derek Mahon INTRODUCTION Derek Mahon belongs to the same generation of Northern Ireland poets as Seamus Heaney. But, whereas many of Heaneys poems are rooted firmly in the rural landscape of Ulster where he grew up, Mahons poems reflect his childhood spent in Belfast. His familiar places were the streets of the city, the Harland and Wolff shipyard where his g-andfather and father worked, and the flax-spinning factory where his mother worked. Later on, Mahon would come to study at Trinity College Dublin and from there he spread his wings to travel and work in many different places, from France, Canada and America, to London and Kinsale in Co. Cork. , †¢DAY TRIP TO DONEGAL Tie shift, in both meaning and feeling, that :sxes place between the first and final lines of ~ s poem makes it memorable. The title :=e~s ordinary: Day Trip to Donegal suggests :- :~ :od days out at the seaside or even a school trip with classmates and teachers. ~~ opening stanza is conversational in tone. I : ,al at his seaside destination, the poet s n familiar surroundings. There were to be seen and as ever the hills a deeper green/Than anywhere in the : : seems at this point that we are r: r :: share a pleasant day at the seaside in Donegal with the poet. However, just as we . rev. ~~ comfortable with this expectation, -:::†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ appears. We are disturbed by the 2. Deration in the final line and the image : ^reduces: the grave/Grey of the sea Me grwnmer in that enclave. : — : _s -rial line of the opening stanza , a similar scenario in stanza two. The poet watches the fishing-boats arriving back at the pier with their catch. This familiar scene is often described in attractive terms by songwriters and painters. But here Mahon startles us in the second line by describing the catch as A writhing glimmer offish. The word writhing is very vivid. The fish are seen as suffering and this notion becomes more intense in the concluding lines of the stanza where he sees them flopping about the deck/In attitudes of agony and heartbreak. A story is told about Mahon as an only child who spent a lot of time alone. His imagination had free rein and in the bicycle shed in the garden at home the Mahons also kept coal. Apparently the boy Derek Mahon suffered guilt when he went to the shed to get his bicycle. He felt pity for the coal which was, to him, imprisoned in that dark, cold, shed. His compassion was evident even then; he felt sorry for the coal! In Day Trip to Donegal we see that the poets day is changed by the sight of the caught fish. He feels compassion for them in their dying moments. In stanza three the return journey to Belfast is described. This poem is poised between two worlds — the seaside one in rural Donegal and the urban one in Belfast. Have you noticed how Mahon chooses to describe his arrival back in Belfast? We changed down into suburbs/Sunk in a sleep no gale-force wind disturbs. There is a suggestion here of a tamer world than the wild gale-beaten one of Donegal. The phrase changed down refers to the gear-change of the car, but it also shows how the poet is struck by the difference between the rural and the urban worlds he has experienced on that particular day. The sleeping suburbs seem slow and quiet after the drama of the Donegal landscape. Exam ; Career Guide 241 I t/2 _i O Z LU LU h-U LU U Nightmare Stanza four picks up again on the disturbing imagery of stanza two. There is an intense feeling of terror here as the poet recalls his dream after his day out at the seaside. In his nightmare, the sea is seen as a powerful force of destruction. We can be chilled by his description of the sea performing its immeasurable erosions — Spilling into the skull. The combination of words here is powerful: immeasurable erosions and the alliteration of spilling and skull. The choice of the word erosion is worth noting here. It suggests eating away at something — the action of the sea on the coastline over many years. Why does the poet draw a parallel between himself and the eroding coastline, at the mercy of the infinite onslaught of the sea? Could this be an oblique reference to the political circumstances in which he lived in Northern Ireland? We remember that Donegal was described in stanza one as a green enclave. He has travelled there from Belfast — another political entity to which he returns after his day across the border. In the nightmare he is the helpless victim at the mercy of the relentless sea. It mutters its threat — the poet does not enjoy a peaceful sleep after his day-trip to Donegal. Instead he has a kind of nightmare, a surreal vision which is frightening and sinister. The nightmarish journey continues into the final stanza. Now the sea has become a metaphor for the poets own view of his life. He is alone and drifting, has not taken enough caution to prevent this danger and feels surrounded on all sides by the vindictive wind and rain, i. . , the malevolent forces that control his life and which cannot be placated. The poem ends on a note of hopelessness and despair. There is no promise of rescue. His predicament recalls that of the fish described in stanza two — flopping about the deck/In attitudes of agony and heartbreak. †¢ ECCLESIASTES The title of this poem situates it immediately in the context of religion — Ecclesiastes being the title of a book in the Old T estament, used frequently by preachers in their sermons. The context of the poem is the Ulster of the religious preachers and the churchmen which Mahon knew very well, being an Ulster Protestant by birth. The opening three lines of the poem are full of feeling. We notice the repetition of God and the rhythm created by purist and puritan, and wiles and smiles. Mahon is imagining himself as a member of the preaching classes and he tries in this poer-look closely at his identity as an Ulster Protestant. There is self-mockery in h s _s= of the phrase purist little puritan. The preacher is narrow minded (little) and rigid his attitudes — a purist puritan would be 3 extreme version of an ordinary puritan *^ would have been very strict in religious :. -†¢ moral matters. There is mockery and contempt as he describes the preache (Ecclesiastes) as God-chosen and God-fearing. He sees himself as occupying tr-e high moral ground while at the same t~-= basing his morality on fear rather than genuine conviction. The world inhabited by the Ecclesiastes (preachers) is a grim one. The images in ine 4 and 5 convey this most powerfully. The choice of the word dank (meaning da-x sr damp and cold) for the churches and the tied up swings on Sundays paint a joyless picture. Sunday was a particularly gloorny ~ in Protestant Ulster as it was strictly designated for prayer and church-going. Pleasure of any kind was frowned on. Marc then contrasts this life-denying way of lrvrgt;f with the real life of the world — the heat i the world. He mentions how such a rigic code of behaviour allows those Churchmer to avoid the humanising interaction with women and the bright eyes of children. He continues with this train of thought in lines to 16. His tone is very critical. He sees tr-e preacher as using his public morality tc 2*c the real challenges of life — the call on eac of us to understand and forgive. The red bandana and stick and the ban? c referred to represent the antithesis of the preachers life. The red is a lively contrast n the dork doors mentioned before and the bandana and stick would be used on journe to brighter, livelier places than the dark r of Antrim which are washed by the cole January rains. This dark, cold place is the natural habitat of the preacher. He is following in the tradition of his forebears — the heaped graves of your fathers. Here he can close one eye and be king. This is an allusion to Erasmus, who once said: In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is King. Is this a reference to the closed mm and the bigotry of Mahons Ulster? The preacher can lord it over the ordinary peoc whose heavy washing flaps in the housing estates. They are credulous. But Mahons preacher has nothing to offer them. The ft imagery of the poem is filled with contemp 42 Exam ; Career Guide cts the preacher stiff with rhetoric forth to the captive audience yet lothing whatever to offer them — ng nothing under the sun. eamus Heaney writes about Ulster :es in the memory of The Forge, in scape of Bogland, The Harvest Bow and Mahon, on the other hand, has a vision of Ulster — and he shares gt;n with us in Ecclesiastes. It is a place ;tants and Puritans and Preachers. He :dges that this is part of his own oo, and we find that he has a very ew of the narrow, life-denying f the culture which formed him. IT SHOULD BE m, the mindset of another type of explored. This time it is that of the jrderer — who kills another man ie sees as a just cause. When ;ntions the Moon in the Yellow ire reminded of the Irish Civil War. :hat name was written by Denis ;et in 1927. Its story is of a man e who tried to blow up a generator ydroelectric station which was and was a symbol of the progress Irish Free State. Blake was shot by ;gt;f the Free State called Lanigan. The = officer of the Free State is the ir in this poem, as he justifies his nd even takes pride in it. : of Murder titeous tone is struck at the

In the course of the novel four marriages take place. :: Free Essay Writer

In the course of the novel four marriages take place. In the course of the novel four marriages take place. Discuss which one you feel will be the happiest and compare it with the other three to justify your choice. You may wish to consider: - Key events relevant to these relationships - The language, which Austen uses to portray these characters and relationships and Austen’s narrative craft. - Society’s attitudes towards love and marriage in Austen’s period. The four marriages, which I am going to be discussing, are the marriage of Mr Collins to Charlotte Lucas, Lydia Bennet and Wickham, Jane and Bingley and finally Elizabeth and Mr Darcy. I will also discuss the marriage of Mr and Mrs Bennet, as there is a lot of important information, which Austen includes about marriage relating to them. Right from the start marriage is mentioned in an ironic and humorous way and hints the events, which are to follow. ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.’ It highlights the importance of marriage within the world of the novel. The sentence suggests that the sole purpose for marriage was to increase the characters social and financial ranking. The quote mentions nothing of love yet it provokes the feeling tint he minds of the readers that the purpose of marriage was to merely create security. We see that Mrs Bennet has a consuming passion to find suitable marriage partners for her daughters. In her opinion the wealthier a young man the more an attractive proposition he becomes. Jane Austen is keen in this book to point out the dangers of a marriage that is not based on mutual love and respect. The first marriage we witness is the unsatisfactory relationship between Mr and Mrs Bennet. It is their absurd personality clash that causes us to look for qualities in their relationship, which could help us believe this was a happy marriage. Unlike other relationships in the novel we are able to see the effects which time has had on their relationship. The main pleasure Mr Bennet receives from married life results from teasing his wise and finding amusement at her expense. They are clearly incompatible and we see no signs of love at this stage. Mrs Bennet is obsessed with marrying off her daughters, while Mr Bennet enjoys reading and countryside pursuits. However, they both seem to draw vague contentment through compromise and small things; for example when Mr Bennet proclaimed himself adamant not to visit Mr Bingley when his intentions were otherwise. Mr Bennet had his

Foundation :: essays research papers

Foundation I believe that all children should have a strong foundation in Ethnicity because ethnicity plays a role in everyone’s life. You can’t avoid ethnicity, no matter where you go. Ethnicity is not just race, but religious beliefs and other ways of life too. That is why I believe that you can’t avoid it. Children should be introduced to this foundation early in life because the earlier they learn, the more accepting of it they’ll be. Also, by learning about ethnicity at an early age, children can create their own perspective on life as they grow older. Also, children can learn what is important to other people. If they know about the way this person lives and feels, they will be closer to that person. Ethnicity is something we take for granted too often. If you ask people what ethnicity is in their minds, they’ll say Italians, Hispanics, Germans and so forth. Yes, this is true, this is part of ethnicity, but people in the same groups(i.e. Italians) donâ⠂¬â„¢t all view a subject in similar way. Often, they have different views. To educate a child in this foundation is very important. Without it, children will view everything as the same, and if that happens, people get angry with you and have ill feelings toward you. Therefore, we must educate children thoroughly in ethnicity so that they will understand life better. The Wizard of Oz- Dorothy leaves Kansas and is taken to a mysterious land. She has to adapt to the lifestyle to survive. The Emperor’s New Clothes- the emperor views the tailors as smart. When he realizes that he’s wearing nothing, he must deal with the people of his kingdom. A Christmas Carol- Scrooge sees how the families of his employees live. He realizes that he is wealthy and should share his money with others. Reading- You can read books about other countries or people. Math- You can play a game using numbers from other languages Science- You can match scientists to the country they come from

Evaluating a technology concepts lesson Essay

The learning environment observed was one that had the use of computers in mind. The classroom size was big enough to seat around twenty or so students that had a student:computer ratio of 1:1. The computers were arranged in such a way that two rows of computers were back to back so that students would be facing each other. There were four rows in all with the teacher seated on the end of one row. This arrangement allowed easy student to student interaction and at the same time easy teacher to student interaction since the teacher was situated where she had a full view of all the students. An overhead projector was also set up beside the teacher with the screen facing her and the students, allowing a real time view of what the teacher was doing on her own computer making it for her to explain the tasks she gave to her students. This made it easy for students to easily check their work against the teacher’s without having to disrupt the class. 1-b: Many education activities could be observed in the class. The given task was to identify from the given paragraphs the main ideas and the supporting details to the main ideas. The students were then tasked to use the computers to put their ideas down and make sure they edited their work. Thus, the most important parts of the whole activity were brainstorming, graphic organizing, and word processing. In the brainstorming activity, the students had sharing in ideas in small group discussions that the teacher utilized to give the students time talk about their ideas. These helped the students in identifying the main ideas and supporting details. They then summarized their discussions. These small group discussions help the students learn better since they are able to check whether their ideas have merit or not. In a way, they are doing checks and balances. The graphic organizing and word processing then bring them to the realm of technology where they can put their ideas and their work to life. They can actually view the work they came up with by typing these in, editing it, and checking whether the spelling and grammar are all correct. 1-c: Effective teaching is always seen when a teacher begins the lesson with a short statement of goals, presents the material in small steps with clear instructions and explanation, and provide a high level of practice for all the students. An effective teacher also checks for student understanding and guide the students through the exercise. The teacher also provides a venue for feedback to see whether the lesson was understood and know what areas can be improved (Rosenshine & Stevens, 1986). Keeping that in mind, my observation was that the teacher did exactly what is expected of an effective teacher. She stated the goals of the lesson and delivered the instructions of the lesson step-by-step. She also gave examples of what she meant and used the computer and overhead projector to show the students what she meant. She provided the students a venue to discuss their ideas and thereby giving them a high level of practice within the lesson. Not only that, by letting the students do their work with the use of the computer, she provided another venue for real life situations wherein writing is done on computers including editing and revising. At the end of the lesson, she asked one student to read to the class his writing output and gave feedback by acknowledging that the student was able to do his work correctly since the student had a main idea and some supporting details in his work. 2-a: The students were very much engaged with the task and the vehicle of technology used to deliver the lesson. They seemed comfortable with the use of the technology and I attribute this to the teacher’s step-by-step delivery of the lesson. Her style of going through the task by showing the students what she meant made it easy for the students to follow and most likely gave them the courage to do the task. 3-a: The instructional purpose of the lesson was to simulate real life writing wherein writers make use of the computer to write, edit, and revise their work. Her additional goals included a better knowledge of the use of graphic organizers after the lesson. Her choice of technology was the best choice in terms of simulating real life situations. Not only that, it gave her students an introduction to the use of a computer in writing. This is important since this knowledge is very important not only in real life situations but also in schooling. Evidently, most assignments nowadays are expected to be handed in typewritten, in a certain format, and in a certain font. Her choice then was the best choice in driving home the lesson that students should learn to use the computer in doing the task of summarizing an essay an identifying the main ideas with supporting details included. 4-a: The effectiveness of the lesson delivery is seen in how a student is able to achieve then endpoint of the lesson. The use of technology then is a vehicle towards that endpoint. Now, if a teacher is able to effectively deliver the lesson, the endpoint can easily be achieved. This was clearly seen in the video. The teacher was able to use the computer technology in arriving at the endpoint of having a professionally made summary containing the main ideas and supporting details of her given essay at the start of the class. In the same vein, she was able to improve the students’ abilities in the use of the graphic organizer and word processor. Also, since the ratio of student:computer was 1:1, it gave the students a certain satisfaction that the work they did was actually work made by their own hands. They could say that it was a product of their own hard work and be proud and they were proud of their achievement. 4-b: I was trying to analyze how best an English lesson could be incorporated with the use of technology and tried to reflect how I could maximize not only the use of technology but also maximize the endpoints that is always best when teaching English—meaning I would not only want that my students know how to use a graphic organizer and word processor, I want them to learn how to brainstorm, share ideas, work on their own to arrive at the correct answers, and still achieve metacognitive learning by letting the students themselves arrive at reflection on whether the lesson did improve their knowledge and by how much. This is the kind of endpoint I would want in every lesson I have. Thus, this is why my evaluation of this evaluation came about from this viewpoint and why it mattered much to me that the students were able to get the best of the world of English writing and technology. 5-a:One alternative or additional form of technology that could have been useful was the use of audios. Students could be given separate paragraphs or essays that they had to listen to individually or in small groups. This would also test their listening skills as well as their comprehension skills. This alternative would make use of what is known as the VAK attack or Visual, Auditory, and Kinetic learning. This can increase learning since more senses are used. 5-b: My choice of recommendation relies in my belief that multisensorial learning is a good way to increase their chances of remembering the lesson. It also give a wider range of engagement in terms of capturing students’ attention since some students are visual, some auditory, and others kinetic. When a teacher tries to deliver a lesson that makes use multiple senses, it increases the chances of more students retaining the lesson. 6-a:My initial reaction to the use of technology in the observed classroom was one of approval. I find that the use of modern day technology should be used more often in the classroom setting since I believe that learning should reflect situations in real life. It would not be beneficial for a student to be kept ignorant of the use of technology when in school since once they are out of the campus they face a different situation. The use of modern day technology is very evident in every corner of our lives. A good example would be the use of ATMs which needs at least a very basic knowledge of keyboard use or touchscreen interface knowledge. It may be difficult to accept especially if the teacher belongs to an older generation that did not incorporate as much technology but I believe that it should be part and parcel of most lessons today. 6-b: As I expressed in my thinking process of this evaluation, I really considered how technology can be maximized in teaching as much to a student without giving them an information overload. My personal view has always been a multisensorial approach to learning helps. The professional implication of this is that I always try to incorporate a multisensorial approach to my teaching style. REFERENCES Rosenshine, B. , & Stevens, R. (1986). Teaching functions. In M. C. Whittrock (Ed. ), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed. , pp. 376-391). New York: Macmillan.

Learn to Write a Scholarship Essay Not Risking Your Future

Learn to Write a Scholarship Essay Not Risking Your Future How to Write a Remarkable and Outstanding Scholarship Essay Scholarship essay is far more challenging than a book review or a lab report, so it requires much devotion and efforts. If you want to enter a college of your dreams, to get a scholarship or become a part of an international program, you will surely find our article useful! Continue reading and you will learn scholarship essays classification, its main features and all the underwater stones you may face. In case you are in a hurry and have no time for reading, just place an order and our professional writers will write an essay for you! The Best Tips for Writing a Great Scholarship Essay If you want to get the highest chances, the first and the most important advice is to follow every instruction the admission committee has. Keep in mind even the slightest details, such as number of words and required formatting style. Every part of these instructions matters and influences your final score greatly. Our expert writers recommend reading guidelines as many times as necessary not to miss a single detail out! For most of the academic assignments, placing a quote in the beginning can be a good start. However, it is completely different from a scholarship essay, because the admission officer wants to learn more about your own personality and words. Always pay attention to the structure of your sentences. Don’t be Captain Obvious but still remain brief and stick to the main point. Outline of a Scholarship Essay As with any other written assignment, knowing how to structure a paper can be half of success. We offer you a great outline for almost any type of scholarship essay. Use it for your own paper and you will see how much easier the process will become! Introduction In this section you should tell who you are, what your values are, tell something about your country of origin, parents and so on. You can also explain a major challenge you had to face and how you overcame it, becoming stronger and wiser. List your goals, whether they are educational or career ones. Start with current goals. For example, why you want to enter the particular college and study the chosen field, and what your reasons to seek financial assistance are. Then proceed with more distant goals, like skills you are willing to obtain and how you want to use them to help the community. Conclusion When the body sections are ready, you need to summarize all of your ideas and once again explain why you want to get a grant and why you worth it. An Outstanding Introduction for Your Scholarship Essay The most important feature of creating a great scholarship essay is working hard on its introduction. Actually, it is the basic tool to catch and hold attention of the audience, so you need to work on the first paragraph really hard to impress the admission committee. Take a pen before typing an essay on your computer and write down all the information you find useful within your research. This stage can include reading examples of scholarship essays, watching related movies or reading books. Organize ideas in terms of their importance and relevance. A good idea is to start your introduction with a simple narration, conveying even the smallest details. For example, you can give a brief description of the best Thanksgiving with your family. Don’t include a quote, because it is too trivial. Here are some winning ideas for your hook sentence: A rhetorical question; Metaphor, simile or allegory; Fact; Statistics; Anecdote or joke. Another way to impress the board is to start introduction with a problem, which is widely discussed in the society. Such problems may include environmental issues, gun control, elections and much more. If you are willing to become a journalist or a writer, your introduction should contain information on how your future field can deliver important messages to the society. Tell about the things you can contribute to the college and local community! 11 Simple Steps to Creating a Flawless Introduction When you apply for an educational institution, you always have to do massive work, from brainstorming to filling in tones of various papers. Below are 11 simple steps, which will help you create a great scholarship essay. Make a powerful introduction to grab attention of the audience. Your goal is to make them want to go on reading. Compare the following examples: Interest in reading and completing college assignments is important for every student; In March 2014 I made the biggest mistake in my life. Do you see the difference? While the first example is very impersonal and boring, the second makes the reader want to know more about the matter; If you are planning to enter several colleges, you don’t have to write different essays. Use the same one in different ways; Make sure you are interested in the topic, because it is impossible to deliver a great scholarship essay if you don’t like the subject; Think about your audience to decide what topic may be interesting and appealing; Your goal is to stand out from thousands of other works, so don’t be traditional or trivial. Remain creative and follow your own style to grab reader’s attention; Follow every instruction. If you doubt, read guidelines again and again until you understand them properly; Focus on the matter without adding any unnecessary details; Always add a thesis statement to your introduction; Once your scholarship essay is ready, check whether it has any spelling, grammar or punctuation mistakes. If you doubt, ask your friend or teacher for help. There are also multiple editing services available, which check texts for any mistakes; Plan your work well in advance. If you want to create a great essay, you shouldn’t be in a hurry; Avoid plagiarism. In case you want to copy information from books or websites, don’t forget to mention the source. How a Great Scholarship Essay Conclusion Should Look Like Many students think that conclusion is nothing but a summary of the whole work. However, it is also a chance to leave a positive impression and make the reader remember you. Your conclusion should explain the board why you are a good candidate for obtaining a scholarship, so you don’t have the right for mistakes. Instead of copying your thesis, try to rewrite it in new and catchy words. Here are some examples, which may boost your imagination: ‘Hey, mom,’ I said,’ I am not coming back! I have found my place in the world and will stay in Rome to start writing. I am sorry if this decision hurts you but it’s my life.’ ‘I entered the new office with confidence and tranquility.’ The road was twisting and turning, showing me all the amazing colors of a warm Texas morning, proving that nature is alive.’ The best way to remain logical in your conclusion is to close the circle. This means if you started an essay with a specific topic, you should return to that question and answer it in your conclusion. Now, when you know how to start and finish your scholarship essay, the only thing left is to get ready and decide what topic to choose! Top 10 Ideas to Dwell on in a Great Scholarship Essay You won’t be able to find a list of scholarship essay topics, because you can talk about literally anything depending on your goal, personality and educational institution you are willing to enter. The best way to succeed is to choose a topic based on your skills, experience and motivation. However, we have made a list of possible questions that may help if you have no ideas. Tell the story of your family to emphasize the importance of higher education within generations; The ways you got used to overcoming challenges, failures and mistakes; Things you like and why. These may be hobbies, movies, books, celebrities, etc.; How a certain event from the past inspired you to get education? What can be changed in your local community? Plans and goals for the future, which explain why you need support with covering the tuition fee; Current situation, which influences your personality; Personal financial needs; What affects who you are; Achievements you are proud of. Get Professional Help When you have completed your scholarship essay, it is the right time to read it carefully, revise the draft and eliminate all sorts of mistakes. But what if the deadline is approaching and you still don’t have a ready scholarship essay? If you want to simplify the process and make sure your essay is ready on time, the best advice will be to order it from professional writing services online. In such a way you will receive a great paper, which will impress the board and will make you much closer to the scholarship you are dreaming of! Unfortunately, not many people find writing simple. If you spend hours sitting in front of a blank sheet of paper and thinking whether there is someone to do your work for you, you surely need assistance! No need to ask other students for help or drive to a distant office of a writing service: just turn on your PC and place an order any time and any place you are. Professional writers know how to create an outstanding scholarship essay, a research paper or any other type of assignment. A quality and reputable writing company, such as Tutoriage, hires only professional tutors and writers, which means your scholarship essay will be flawless and all of your guidelines will be followed. 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Free Essays on African Americans in Math

There were many great African- Americans in history that math marks in significant areas of education. These two women made there mark in a very uncommon area for African-Americans especially women. They became great mathematicians and became rewarded for there great marks in the mathematical history. Evelyn Boyd Granville was born in Washington, DC and attended Dunbar High School, a segregated high school at the time. Her interest in mathematics was encouraged by two mathematics teachers, Ulysses Basset (a graduate of Yale) and Mary Cromwell (graduate of the University of Pennsylvania). Granville attended Smith College on a partial scholarship. In 1945 she graduated summa cum laude and elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Granville worked with Einar Hille, a distinguished mathematician in the field of functional analysis, as her Ph.D. faculty advisor at Yale University. Evelyn Granville received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Yale in 1949, the same year as another woman mathematician; Marjorie Lee Browne received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Michigan. Granville and Browne represented the first two Black women to receive doctorates in Mathematics in the United States. Following her graduation from Yale Evelyn Granville spent a year as a research assistant at the New York University Institute of Mathematics and part-time instructor in the mathematics department of New York University (NYU). Professor Granville was then appointed as Associate Professor of Mathematics at Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee from 1950-1952, where two of her former students went on to receive Ph.D. in Mathematics, Vivienne Malone Mayes and Etta Zuber Falconer. Dr. Vivienne Mayes received her doctorate from the University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Etta Falconer received her Ph.D. degree in mathematics from Emory University. Marjorie Lee Browne was born to Mary Taylor Lee and Lawrence Johnson Lee, in Memphis, Tennessee, on September 9, 1914. Mar... Free Essays on African Americans in Math Free Essays on African Americans in Math There were many great African- Americans in history that math marks in significant areas of education. These two women made there mark in a very uncommon area for African-Americans especially women. They became great mathematicians and became rewarded for there great marks in the mathematical history. Evelyn Boyd Granville was born in Washington, DC and attended Dunbar High School, a segregated high school at the time. Her interest in mathematics was encouraged by two mathematics teachers, Ulysses Basset (a graduate of Yale) and Mary Cromwell (graduate of the University of Pennsylvania). Granville attended Smith College on a partial scholarship. In 1945 she graduated summa cum laude and elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Granville worked with Einar Hille, a distinguished mathematician in the field of functional analysis, as her Ph.D. faculty advisor at Yale University. Evelyn Granville received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Yale in 1949, the same year as another woman mathematician; Marjorie Lee Browne received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Michigan. Granville and Browne represented the first two Black women to receive doctorates in Mathematics in the United States. Following her graduation from Yale Evelyn Granville spent a year as a research assistant at the New York University Institute of Mathematics and part-time instructor in the mathematics department of New York University (NYU). Professor Granville was then appointed as Associate Professor of Mathematics at Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee from 1950-1952, where two of her former students went on to receive Ph.D. in Mathematics, Vivienne Malone Mayes and Etta Zuber Falconer. Dr. Vivienne Mayes received her doctorate from the University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Etta Falconer received her Ph.D. degree in mathematics from Emory University. Marjorie Lee Browne was born to Mary Taylor Lee and Lawrence Johnson Lee, in Memphis, Tennessee, on September 9, 1914. Mar...

History of Cigarettes essays

History of Cigarettes essays Tobacco was first introduced to Western Society in the 16th Century. There is evidence that the herb was being used in Asia and Northern America for centuries before its introduction to European explorers. Christopher Columbus said that he witnessed the great use of tobacco among the Native Americans when he discovered America in the late 15th Century but there is evidence of earlier explorers having seen that before Columbus. French explorer Jacques Cartier wrote the first report of early experimentation by Europeans, describing how he had smoked tobacco with Native Americans while in the Americas. The Europeans were amazed by the American Indian culture that told of tobacco being used as a medicine to cure mental and physical problems (i.e. sexually transmitted diseases) when it was first introduced in Europe. In England and France, tobacco was seen as a privilege because of the tales of Sir Walter Raleigh, which convinced even the queen to start smoking. In the US, tobacco farming grew greatly, because it was the preferred way to trade with Europe for their manufactured goods. Because of this, methods had to be developed to make tobacco survive days by ship across the seas, so the early settlers developed fire-curing and later charcoal curing which made it keep its taste and be able to last longer. Tobacco was introduced into Europe in the mid-16th Century, France in 1556, then Portugal in 1558, Spain 1559 and England in 1565 then it just spread to all In many Indian cultures, tobacco was used in religious practices. The smell of the smoke from burning tobacco leaves was an incense for offerings to the gods. Augurs and sooth-sayers observed the motions of tobacco sparks and smoke to try to foretell the future. In many tribes of North America, ...

Naturalized Citizen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Naturalized Citizen - Essay Example The USA is the land of opportunity. I will now tell about the process of naturalization in this country. In order to become a U.S. citizen one has to file a petition for naturalization - the various forms for this purpose are Form N-400 if your age is above 18 years; Form N-600 if less than 18 years and Form N -643 for an adopted child - with the appropriate USCIS Service Centre. Such persons should have a good moral character and should have been lawful residents of the U.S. for more than five years , of which, at least six months should have been in the state from which the petition is being filed. They must have been physically present in the U.S. for at least two and a half years of this five year period. Petitioners are required to read, write and speak English. They must have knowledge of the history and government of the U.S; they should be attached to the principles of the U.S. Constitution and should be favorably disposed towards the USA. Such petitions must be signed by the applicant and must be attested to by two credible witnesses who are citizens of the U.S and who are personally acquainted with the applicant.

Business Analysis and Review of Timberland Case Study

Business Analysis and Review of Timberland - Case Study Example This relationship makes the company to give more emphasis on the societal and environmental issues and concerns. Now-a-days, it has become a trend that before buying a product, customers not only look for quality and price but the commitment from the part of that business organization as well for the common good of the society. According to a survey undertaken within the organization, most of the employees are interested in working for a socially committed company than receiving high salary. As there is a good working environment there will be less absenteeism and which means there is a reduction in the cost of recruitment, selection and training ,and leads to the over all improvement in the performance of the organization. The main drawbacks of the relationship include many employees in Timberland lost their job and the company downsized its operation. City Year faced shortage of funds as Congress threatened to withdraw federal funding. Employees of Timberland were not ready to accept the decision of diversion of a big amount to City Year. Timberland also faced financial problems which affected their social service. Association of a profit organization and a non-profit organization may raise some questions regarding its objective which is different from each other. So some adjustments might require in this regard which affect shareholders of both the organization. Main motto of Timberland behind this association was social commitment but they gave secondary or no preference to the brand and company image and also to the equity base of the company. Consider some of the other factors of this relationship such as co-dependency, drawbacks and benefits of being tied to only one community organization, exclusive sponsorship, etc. As Timberland is having association with only one organization, that is City Year, give the advantage of interdependency. In other words both the organization can make some unifies action in their policy formulation and also they can share the resources available. The disadvantage is that the society may raise question like this; if the company (Timberland) is more committed to the social service why did not they make association other charity organization. As a result of this relationship the organizations whom helped the City Year financially may withdraw their further help as City Year got sponsorship of Timberland. Now discuss each of these issues in a short narrative and then construct a Benefit/Drawback table to summarize your findings. Then discuss the impact and strategic value of each and try to determine the overall impact of this relationship: Table showing the benefits and drawbacks of relationship Parties Concerned Benefits Drawbacks The Organizations (Timberland and City Year) The reputation of the Timberland enhanced and also it resulted in increase in the business and decrease in labour turnover. As regards to City Year is concerned, financial position become strong and the interdependency helped in decision making. It led to employee dissatisfaction at Timberland as their colleagues lost their job and also it affected the financial balance of the company. With regard to City year, the association

World Trade Organization and tariffs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Trade Organization and tariffs - Assignment Example Tariffs also have been used in providing additional revenue for the government and to domestic producers at the expenses of foreign producers and customers (Alexander and Andenà ¦s, 38). This is used as one of the tools to shape policies of trade. Types of barriers imposed by Saudi Arabia for exports and importsThere are different trade barriers that are used in Saudi Arabia. The first strategy that has been used is tariffs. Saudi Arabia implies the GCC common external tariffs of five percent of most of the products used in the nation with limited number of expectation. Saudi Arabia implies twelve percent on the local products in some cases to protect the industries of the nations. Textile products are among the products that implies the 12 per cent import tariffs. Higher rates of the tariffs implies to smaller group. There is also implication of 15 per cent for other products such as aluminum and furniture. Majority of food products are subjected to five percent import duty. The le vel of imports duties ties to the level of local production of similar goods. Import prohibitions and licensing either is used in Saudi Arabia where the importation of certain articles is the prohibition of some goods or require approval from other appropriate authority. In the country, there is prohibition of goods such as pork products, used clothing, firearms, and automobiles (Alexander and Andenà ¦s, 33). Importation of some products requires special approval such as agricultural feeds, books, visual or audio media and religious materials.

Problems with Sentimental Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problems with Sentimental Art - Research Paper Example Same way this world is also filled with beautiful things and ugly things. Artists often portray the beautiful side of this world. However, there are instances in which artists create various art forms which may provoke sentiments knowingly or unknowingly, rather than pleasant feelings. These sentiments may cause immense damages in the remaining life of the art viewer. In other words sentimental arts cause more damages to the art viewer than goods. This paper analyses the problems with sentimental arts. (Gatalo, p.21) â€Å"Sentimentality is an ambiguous concept and it is defined as an emotional disposition that idealizes its object for the sake of emotional gratification and that is inherently corrupt because it is grounded in epistemic and moral error† (Gatalo, p.22). The above picture, Roses for Stalin, portrayed by Boris Vladimirsky extracts so many sentiments in the minds of the viewer. The above art is not generating any sense of beauty in the minds of the viewer whereas it generates lot of sentiments. In other words, this art failed to fulfil its basic and moral responsibility of satisfying the viewer through its beauty. In other words, it gave more importance to sentiments rather than beauty. A person who watches this art may develop the unpleasant memories of Stalin era and subsequently his mental agony could be intensified. Roses for Stalin is anomalous, even among sentimental artworks, because the judgments it urges us to accept are so outrageous. Stalin’s identity as a historical figure so sharply contradicts how he is represented in the painting that it renders this depiction preposterous, if not offensive. This is such an obtrusive and distracting feature of the work that it cancels out the possibility of any serious aesthetic engagement with it. Most significantly this undermines the painting’s affective power—a savvy viewer cannot partake of the warm feelings it is meant to inspire. Insofar as this feeling is central t o the design and meaning of the work, this falsity amounts to its aesthetic failure. (Gatalo, p.26). Sentimental emotions are entirely different from standard emotions. While standard emotions always generate pleasant and unpleasant feelings, sentimental emotions always generate corrupted feelings. Sentimental emotions are corrupted because of its inability in judging things with the help of sound reasoning. In other words, sentiments are always motivated emotionally rather than factually. The picture, Roses for Stalin, forces the viewer to think about the positive sides of Stalin era and it completely avoids the memories about the negative sides of Stalin era. In other words, the above picture is a deliberate attempt to portray Stalin as a saint. In short, sentimental arts often glorify a person or scene. It may keep a blind eye towards the negative aspects of the person or the scene. It is an accepted fact that during Stalin era, Soviet Union faced severe problems. However, the ab ove picture may not remind the viewer about such things. Anxious Mother: A piece of sentimental art about a young girl putting her dolls to bed (Antique Photos - Sentimental and Fine Art) In the above sentimental picture, a young girl is portrayed as putting her dolls in bed. The above painting will definitely reminds us about our childhood. The emotion in the face of the girl portrayed in this picture is very sad. It reminds us the feeling of a lonely girl who tries to keep company with dolls. In other words, feeling of loneliness is the major

The Ancient Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Ancient Middle East - Essay Example Additionally, believers and followers of both the religions also strongly believe that God is an eternal being, and He has the power to reward and punish to righteous and sinner persons respectively. Furthermore, believe in Messiah means Jesus Christ, who is believed as the son of God incarnate by both the religions, and they believe that Messiah (Jesus Christ) is yet to come from the house of David to build up a God's precious home on the earth (Lundquist). Trinity is another common belief between these two religions according to which both of them believe in the existence of Holy Father, Son and Spirit within the same Godhead, but they are separated from each other. It can be clearly understood as that God is considered as a three person, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. These three are distinct, and yet all exist in a common person. If one of these were removed, there would be no God. Also, in Christianity and Judaism it is believe that the Trinity is involved in many othe r things. Such as, God had made this world via the Holy Son in Holy Spirit. The Holy Father sent forth His Son and Spirit to the Old Testament saints to let them know about the father (Lundquist). In both these religious, people follow guidelines of a Holy Book called as Bible, however, the only difference between their books is that Christian's Bible is consist of old and new testaments of Holy God while the Jewish Scripture is known as Hebrew Bible and it is arranged in three different sections (Lundquist). In addition, Covenant is another most important and common belief among Jews and Christians, which make them believe in actions during the last supper, and they religiously accept the fact that God will choose specific people, who will be reinforced by the Covenant at Mount Sinai. It should be noted here that this concept of the covenant is different from original covenant. It is basically an agreement between God and His followers (Jews and Christians) according to which they believe that through Moses, the followers will enter a covenant with God (Lundquist). "The Lord said to Moses, 'Write these words down because the covenant I make with you and with Israel is in these words.' So Moses...wrote down the words of the covenant, the Ten Words, on the tablets" (Think Quest 3). Last and an important common belief among these two religions and their followers is that they both strongly believe in the life here after. They have accepted the fact that after dying their souls will go up in heaven or hell based on the deeds they have done in the life here. Also, they believe that God will make the fairest judgment and that life will last forever. Christians and Jews have a very strong belief about life after death, which is based on the resurrection of Jesus (Lundquist). Although, these two religious were close to each other and they still are up to some extend in terms of their beliefs and rituals. However, the separation between these two religions undoubtedly has taken place, but that separation did not take place fast and easy. The whole separation took approximately more than hundred years and the crucial division did not happen all at once (Lundquist). Christianity started with Son of god (Jesus Christ) and his disciples

Problems with Sentimental Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problems with Sentimental Art - Research Paper Example Same way this world is also filled with beautiful things and ugly things. Artists often portray the beautiful side of this world. However, there are instances in which artists create various art forms which may provoke sentiments knowingly or unknowingly, rather than pleasant feelings. These sentiments may cause immense damages in the remaining life of the art viewer. In other words sentimental arts cause more damages to the art viewer than goods. This paper analyses the problems with sentimental arts. (Gatalo, p.21) â€Å"Sentimentality is an ambiguous concept and it is defined as an emotional disposition that idealizes its object for the sake of emotional gratification and that is inherently corrupt because it is grounded in epistemic and moral error† (Gatalo, p.22). The above picture, Roses for Stalin, portrayed by Boris Vladimirsky extracts so many sentiments in the minds of the viewer. The above art is not generating any sense of beauty in the minds of the viewer whereas it generates lot of sentiments. In other words, this art failed to fulfil its basic and moral responsibility of satisfying the viewer through its beauty. In other words, it gave more importance to sentiments rather than beauty. A person who watches this art may develop the unpleasant memories of Stalin era and subsequently his mental agony could be intensified. Roses for Stalin is anomalous, even among sentimental artworks, because the judgments it urges us to accept are so outrageous. Stalin’s identity as a historical figure so sharply contradicts how he is represented in the painting that it renders this depiction preposterous, if not offensive. This is such an obtrusive and distracting feature of the work that it cancels out the possibility of any serious aesthetic engagement with it. Most significantly this undermines the painting’s affective power—a savvy viewer cannot partake of the warm feelings it is meant to inspire. Insofar as this feeling is central t o the design and meaning of the work, this falsity amounts to its aesthetic failure. (Gatalo, p.26). Sentimental emotions are entirely different from standard emotions. While standard emotions always generate pleasant and unpleasant feelings, sentimental emotions always generate corrupted feelings. Sentimental emotions are corrupted because of its inability in judging things with the help of sound reasoning. In other words, sentiments are always motivated emotionally rather than factually. The picture, Roses for Stalin, forces the viewer to think about the positive sides of Stalin era and it completely avoids the memories about the negative sides of Stalin era. In other words, the above picture is a deliberate attempt to portray Stalin as a saint. In short, sentimental arts often glorify a person or scene. It may keep a blind eye towards the negative aspects of the person or the scene. It is an accepted fact that during Stalin era, Soviet Union faced severe problems. However, the ab ove picture may not remind the viewer about such things. Anxious Mother: A piece of sentimental art about a young girl putting her dolls to bed (Antique Photos - Sentimental and Fine Art) In the above sentimental picture, a young girl is portrayed as putting her dolls in bed. The above painting will definitely reminds us about our childhood. The emotion in the face of the girl portrayed in this picture is very sad. It reminds us the feeling of a lonely girl who tries to keep company with dolls. In other words, feeling of loneliness is the major

The importance of banqueting and what type of events there are and how Essay - 1

The importance of banqueting and what type of events there are and how banqueting fits in - Essay Example Many guests introduce each other during a banquet and thus one can consider banqueting as a social event. Here you meet new people and make friends. Even the marketers, now days, use banqueting to promote and advertise their products. Many marketers even hold lucky draws and other brand activities during a banquet and all of this signifies the great importance that banqueting holds for people of our generation. A special event is a one-time event and does not recur on a continuing basis. This makes it unique and it basically held for the purpose of ground breaking, grand opening or other significant moments in life. Concerts and job fairs are also considered as special programme because they cannot be repeated or reproduced. Since, special events are one-time events, special management techniques are required to make these events a success. Many people suffer from improper management of these events which kills the purpose of these events. Therefore, planning these events is the key. You need to make sure that you have the resources and manpower to arrange and successfully host the event. A good starting point in the event management is developing a check list of the resources that you need. A written checklist is important because it can be referred to in the future and important details are not forgotten. Once the event is successfully stage, you need to take some time after the event to evaluate the significance of the event, that is how well it was hosted and stage. For this, a written document is better because you can write down the details while still fresh, reducing the chances that you forget your mistake and they might reoccur again. These steps make events unique and fulfill the purpose of ho lding special events. Banqueting fits in any event as a closing gesture, and signifies the end of an event. The food that is to be

Planning To Meet Customer Requirements Essay Example for Free

Planning To Meet Customer Requirements Essay 1(a)This assignment is based on organization called the Better business bureau located in North America. The fundamental aim of this organization is to ensure that business men achieve high standards and maintain them. The vision of the organization is an ethical market place where buyers and sellers can trust each other. The mission of the better bureau is to be the leader in advancing market place trust. The better business bureau is able to accomplish its mission by ensuring   that it works in a community of trustworthy businesses since the main aim of the business is to train its members on how to maintain their business ,hence it is easy to motivate business men to be trustworthy to each other. To accomplish its mission the better business bureau has set standards for market place trust. The main objective of the better business bureau is to setting up good standards in the market that promote trust. To fulfill its mission the better business bureau encourages and supports best practices. As being a good role model in the market place the better business bureau is main target is encouraging and supporting practices among businessmen. (b). one of the main objective of the business is celebrating market place role models. As a mentor that is encouraging good business practices the better business bureau acts as a good role model among business men. Another other main important objective for the better business bureau is denouncing substandard market place behavior. The organization is against bad business behaviors and untrustworthy business men practices. (c). Denouncing substandard market place behaviors has encouraged the organization to work closely with its members. Through the internet the better business bureau is always in contact with its customers thus encouraging good business behaviors among them. To ensure that high standards are set and maintained the better business bureau offer affordable education to all its members. The better business bureau also promotes the standards set by its members. To celebrate market place role model has been achieved by the better business bureau because the organization accepts only competent business to its system. Any qualified businesses do not qualify to becoming members of the organization. 2.(a) Stake holders The better business bureau has got many employees, customers and shareholders. The main stakeholders for the better business bureau are businessmen. i. Customers: The main customers for the better business bureau are businessmen. The better business bureau is an international organization for 133 better business bureaus across North America. The better business bureau has got 380, 000 business members that range in size from local enterprises to multinational corporations.   The better business bureau offers many services to its customers, like the better business bureau military line. This is mainly designed to meeting specific consumer needs of military personnel. The organization also has an international students ethic award where scholarships are offered to competent students.   ii. a).Employees: the better business bureau has got many employees. The main ones are accountants, managers, web designers, clerks, and the junior staff. The accountants are mainly involved in maintaining and ensuring that the better business bureau offers its services to standard, they oversee the day performance of the business. Also the web designers have been working hard in ensuring that the organization is well networked, with it business members by developing and ensuring that updated computer programmes have been designed that meet the requirements of the company. b) The employees of the better business bureau ensure the smooth running of its operations. For example the web designers ensure that the business is well networked with all its customers globally. The accountants of the better business bureau ensure that its records are well maintained and updated. The accounts also regularly countercheck the performance of the business members of the organization.   The customers of the better business bureau determine its performance. When many businesses join the bureau its performance improves. Quality: The quality of a product is the degree of the production perfection. Every product has to be manufactured to a particular specification regarding dimension, surface finish and hardness. Quality services: means offering of services that meet and fulfill the requirements of the customers. Quality management: This is a system that a company lays down in ensuring that it achieves its objectives. Quality management involves procedures and means involved in measuring and maintaining the quality of products or services offered by a company. c) Quality standards. The better business bureau has set up quality standards that monitor the daily performance of its duties. The better business bureau has been putting some measures like introducing online services that are set towards improving the quality of services the company offers. To promote the quality of services the company offers it has promoted the public trust in advertising. The better business bureau does its advertisement in order to foster truth and accuracy in national advertising through voluntary self-regulation.   To improve the quality of services the better business bureau offers it the business has been using online services to report its operations. d) Quality audit. The better business bureau offers quality services to its customers. The better business bureau meets the needs of its customers by enabling its customers to be using an online reporting and evaluation system. Through the internet customers make their requests to the company and they get the necessary feed back through the internet. Only competent and trustworthy businesses are member: The better business bureau encourages quality in its services by registering only qualified businesses as its members. The organization does not encourage illegal business practices among its members. The organization also supports many other good programs. The business offers other community services like scholarships to need students within the community. 4) Information review: To create a healthy, safe and productive working environment some information are essential. First information about a particular company is crucial. To understand its objectives, mission and vision. After understanding the objectives, mission and vision of the company then its possible to create a conducive working environment. To create a conducive working environment there should be a well laid down organizational structure for the company. The employees should understand their duties well. A good relationship should also exist between the junior and senior staff. To create a safe working environment all the employees should understand the necessary safety precautions, they should follow in performing their duties, they should also understand other necessary rules to be followed in performing their duties. For encouraging a productive working environment employees should be well conversant to their work. They should understand all the procedures of performing a specific task. b) The guidance that is in our work place that creates a healthy, safe and productive work environment is through regular training of employees. The better business bureau offers regular training to its employees on how to, have a heath work environment by encouraging employees to co-ordinate and network among themselves in ensuring that the required standards of working are achieved at the work place. The organization promotes a save working environment by encouraging its employees to observe safely measures like how to control emergence situation like fire in case of an emergence. The company also encourages a productive working environment by training its employees adequately. The better business bureau has trained its employees to be at a better position of offering recommended services to its customers. Training: The better business bureau trains its business managers on how to encourage many businesses to join the organization. The business managers are taught on how to face business men and how to promote good business practices in their businesses. For the better business bureau to create a healthy and productive environment among its members it usually monitors on their performance. Only businesses with performance, that is according to the required standards that the better business bureau serves. Risk analysis: (i)Political situations:- The political situation of America and other countries can affect the smooth running of the better business bureau. The political situation of countries that have member businesses registered with the better business bureau affect the smooth running of the organization. (ii)Exchange rates:-Due to high prices of oil and food, the global economy is performing poorly thus affecting the strength of the dollar particularly to poor countries. Thus the better business bureau being an international organization will be greatly affected. Potential business: -It becomes difficulty for the better business bureau to determine genuine businesses. Since the better business bureau deals only with competent business it becomes difficulty to know the trustworthy once. iv. Facing competition: the better business bureau faces competition from other international organization. Hence it is likely to lose some of its potential customers.

The Rise Of The Nazis History Essay

The Rise Of The Nazis History Essay Adolf Hitler was born an Austrian citizen and Roman Catholic at 6:30 PM on April 20 1889 at an inn called the Gasthof Zum Pommer in the town of Braunau-am-inn. Adolfs father- Alois Hitler- constantly reinforced correct behaviour with, sometimes very violent, punishment. After Adolfs elder brother- Alois- fled from home at the age of 14, Adolf became his fathers chief target of rage. At the same time, Adolfs mother- Klara Pà ¶lzl- showered her son with love and affection, as any mother would. When Adolf was three years of age, the Hitler family moved to Passau, along the Inn River on the German side of the border. The family moved once again in 1895 to the farming community of Hafield. Following another family move, Adolf lived for six months across from a large Benedictine monastery. As a youngster, the young boys dream was to enter the priesthood. However, by 1900, his artistic talents surfaced. Adolf was educated at the local village and monastery schools and, at age 11, Hitler was doing well enough to be eligible for either the university preparatory gymnasium or the technical/scientific Realschule (secondary school). Alois Hitler enrolled his son in the latter, hoping that he might become a civil servant. This was not to be. Adolf would later claim that he wanted to be an artist and he deliberately failed his examinations to spite his father. In 1903, Alois Hitler died from a pleural hemorrhage, leaving his family with enough money to live comfortably without needing to work. In 1905, Adolf left school for good. The following year he visited Vienna where he tried and failed to enter the School of Fine Arts, and the School of Architecture would not accept him without academic qualification. In 1907, Klara Pà ¶lzl developed terminal breast cancer. After an operation and many expensive and painful treatments with a dangerous drug, she died on December 21, 1907. Traumatized by the loss of his mother, Adolf moved to Vienna and, once again, failed to enter the School of Fine Arts. He stayed in Vienna, living in hostels and earning money by drawing posters for shops and postcard views of the city for passers-by. Adolf Hitler neither drank nor smoked. Being rather shy and awkward- with both men and women- he had few friends. Hitler read widely, losing all that remained of his religious faith, and replacing it with half-formed ideas of politics, philosophy and culture. World War One And The Peace Treaty of Versailles In 1913, Adolf Hitler moved to Munich, Germany, to avoid the risk of conscription in Vienna. However, this does not mean that he was a coward. When the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Slav terrorists in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, World War One began, and Hitler was quick to enlist in German Army. He joined the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment and, indeed, made a very good soldier. For once, his life had a purpose and he greatly enjoyed the comradeship, danger and the chance to wear a uniform. Excluding a short spell in hospital from 1916-1917, Hitler served as a company runner on the Western Front throughout the war. In reward for his brilliant service, Hitler was promoted to corporal and received two Iron Crosses, one of them the very rare Iron Cross First Class. Hitler, having been temporarily blinded by mustard gas in October 1918, was in hospital when an armistice was reached and the Great War ended. To him, the defeat of German was extremely devastating. The defeat was, in fact, devastating for all of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty signed at Versailles in France on June 28 1919, punished Germany severely. In accordance with the treaty, Germany lost the following areas of land: Alsace-Lorraine (taken from France in 1870). Danzig (a strip of territory through East Prussia to form a Polish corridor to the sea). Areas in Schteswig, Silesia and on the Belgian Frontier. Saar Industrial region placed under international control but under French influence. Germany was also forced to comply with the following restrictions: Germany was forced to pay reparations for war damage. The price was fixed in 1921 at 132 billion gold marks. 9/10 of the German merchant fleet was confiscated. German rivers were opened to international traffic. Germanys overseas assets, totaling 16 billion marks, were seized. German colonies were taken over by the League of Nations and distributed as territories to Britain, France and Japan. The German army was confined to 100 000 men on long-service contracts. Most military installations and training schools were shut down. Military were withdrawn from the Rhineland and occupied by Allied Troops. The German Airforce was completely abolished. The German Navy was reduced to a maximum of 6 small battleships of only 10 000 tonnes each, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 0 submarines. In Clause 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to confess guilt for the war, this being the basis for Allied punishment. The Formation Of The Nazi Party And Its Ideas: After World War One ended, Hitler remained for some time in the army. They put him to work gathering information on revolutionary political groups in Munich. On September12 1919, dressed in civilian clothes, Hitler attended a meeting of the Deutsche Arbeiterpartie (German Workers Party) in the back room of a Munich Beer Hall, with another twenty-five people. There, he listened to a speech by Gottfried Feder entitled, How and by what means is capitalism eliminated? After the speech, Hitler rose to leave when a man stepped forward and made a speech supporting the state of Bavaria breaking away from Germany and forming a new South German nation. This idea enraged Hitler to the point that he got to his feet and expressed his forceful opinion to the man for fifteen uninterrupted minutes. Anton Drexler, one of the founders of the party, allegedly whispered, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hes got the gift of the gab. We could use him. After Hitlers outburst was complete, and Hitler started to leave, Drexler rushed to Hitler and invited him to read a forty-page booklet titled, My Political Awakening. Hitler was delighted to find that the German Workers Party reflected many of his own ideas- building a strong nationalist, pro-military, anti-Semitic party made up of working class people. However, in Mein Kampf, Hitler describes the condition of the party: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aside from a few directives, there was nothing, no program, no leaflet, no printed matter at all, no membership cards, not even a miserable rubber stampà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This absurd little organization with its few members seemed to me to possess the one advantage that it had not frozen into an organization, but left the individual opportunity for real personal activity. Here it was still possible to work, and the smaller the movement, the more readily it could be put into proper form. Here, the content, the goal, and the road could still be determinedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ After two days of thinking it over, Hitler chose to join the German Workers Party and became member no. 55. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I finally came to the conviction that I had to take this stepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It was the most decisive resolve of my life. From here there was and could be no turning back. Hitlers hatred of the Jews rapidly became part of the organizations policy. Advertising for their meetings appeared in anti-Semitic newspapers. On October 16 1919, during one such meeting, Hitler delivered an emotional speech that left the audience awestruck. Donations came in from every corner, and hundreds of Germans attended the frequent meetings to hear Hitler speak. In February 1920, Hitler and Gottfried Feder prepared a 25-point summary for the German Workers Party. The summary was fervently anti-capitalist and anti-Semitic. Among the 25 points was withdrawing the Treaty of Versailles, confiscating war profits, confiscating land without compensation, revoking civil rights for Jews and driving out Jews who had emigrated after World War One had begun. On February 24, in front of more than 2000 spectators, the summary was presented at a public meeting. In April 1920, the partys name was changed to the National Socialist German Workers Party or NAZI Party, and the red flag with the swastika was named as their party symbol. Hitler discovered that a local anti-Semitic newspaper was on the verge of bankruptcy and so he was able to purchase it for the party. In 1921, Adolf Hitler was named chairman of the Nazi Party. The Beer Hall Putsch and Mein Kampf Hitlers strengthening of the Nazi Party was meant not only to win more votes, but also to overthrow the Weimar Republic by a putsch or violent uprising. Encouragement for attempting this came from Italy in October 1922, when Benito Mussolini, a 37-year-old former journalist, led a successful putsch. Marching with his paramilitary forces into Rome, Mussolini toppled the government. He named himself II Duce (leader) and his supporters the Fascisti (Fascists). The Nazis copied Mussolini shamelessly. In November 1922, the colossal inflation of the German Mark triggered a state of emergency in Berlin and Munich. Seeing this as his chance, Hitler, on May 1 1923, tried to organize a putsch but it was never any threat to the Reichstag. However, on November 9 Hitler tried again. One day earlier, Hitler had held a rally at the Munich Beer Hall and declared a revolution. Led by Hitler and former Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff, around 3000 SA (Sturmabteilung) brown shirts marched from the Bà ¼rgerbrà ¤ukeller- the largest beer hall in Munich. However, the putsch fell to pieces when they were fired upon by police. Around a dozen of the SA were killed in the consequent fighting and many of the leaders of the putsch were arrested, whilst others fled the country. Both Hitler and Ludendorff were captured and put on trial. Whilst the latter was cleared on a technicality, Hitler was not so lucky. He received the minimum sentence of five years imprisonment in Landsberg Fortress, though he only served close to nine months. Hitler used this time to dictate the first volume of his political memoirs, which he titled- Mein Kampf (My Struggle). In Mein Kampf, Hitler argued for war in the east to create a Grossdeutschland- Greater Germany- by removing the Soviet Union. The book also reiterated Hitlers hatreds, especially against the Jews and the Communists whom he saw as part of the Jewish conspiracy. The following is a passage from Mein Kampf: [The Jews] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the folkish intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Released in 1927, the book had sold over 300 000 copies within 6 years, and Hitler was able to live off his earnings. The Depression and the Elections of 1932-1933 On his release from prison, Adolf Hitler was banned from public speaking and the Nazi party was temporarily outlawed. In February of 1925, Hitler reestablished the Nazi Party, and its popularity rose rapidly. By 1929, the number of members had risen from 27 000 to 108 000. However, in the May 1928 elections, the Nazi party only polled a disappointing 2.5% of the vote. This was probably because, in recent years, the economic state of Germany had gradually improved. With Paul von Hindenburg as President, inflation eased, average wages rose, international agreement solved the problem of reparation costs and, in 1928, unemployment dropped below 1 million for the first time in years. The country was accepted back into the international community, and was accepted into the League of Nations in 1926. After the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler had accepted that his way to power was through politics rather than force. He did deals with nationalist parties, big businesses, landowners and the army. Before 1930, the Nazi Party began the Hitler Youth, the Student League and the Pupil League to win the support of the young Germans- Germanys future. The National Socialist Womens League even allowed women to get involved. On 24 October 1929, the Wall Street Crash triggered the Great Depression. Germanys rising employment rate dropped drastically and, by 1932, 6 million- or 1 in 3 people- were unemployed. Hindenburg decided to invoke Germanys emergency presidential powers, creating a new government made up of a chancellor and cabinet ministers to rule by emergency decrees, rather than by laws passed by the Reichstag. In September 1930, there was another election. The Nazi Party, mostly due to the Depression and a successful propaganda campaign, captured 18.3% of the vote, making it the second largest party in the Reichstag. In the July 1932 election, the Nazi Partys popularity once again rose, this time winning 37% of the vote. In the spring of that year, Hitler had opposed Hindenburg for the role of president in two democratic elections. The first, on March 13 1932, was disappointing for Hitler. He received just 30% of the vote, compared to Hindenburgs 49.6%. However, as the latter had just missed out on an absolute majority, another runoff election was scheduled for April 10 of that year. Hindenburg won the election again with 53% of the vote, but Hitler received 37%. In another party election, called for November 6 1932, the Nazi Party lost 34 of its seats in the Reichstag. It looked as though Hitler was going to be unsuccessful. Political Parties in the Reichstag May 1924 Dec. 1924 May 1928 Sep. 1930 July 1932 Nov. 1932 Mar. 1933 Communist Party (KPD) 62 45 54 77 89 100 81 Social Democratic Party (SDP) 100 131 153 143 133 121 120 Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 81 88 78 87 97 90 93 Nationalist Party (DNVP) 95 103 73 41 37 52 52 Nazi Party (NSDAP) 32 14 12 107 230 196 288 Other Parties 102 112 121 122 22 35 23 Hitler and Franz von Papen- a former chancellor and leader of the Nationalist Party- agreed to form a coalition. Hitler disagreed to a co-leadership, but instead promised that, if he were made chancellor, Papens supporters would be given important cabinet positions. They formed an alliance, though both were secretly planning to double-cross each other. Hitler waves at supporters after being named Chancellor- January 30 1933When the current chancellor, Schleicher, was forced to resign, Hindenburg was pressured by many- including industrialists, the military and even his own son- to offer Hitler the chancellor position. On January 30 1933, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor. The Nazi Cabinet after when Hitler is named Chancellor January 30 1933Around noon, a teary-eyed Hitler emerged from the presidential palace. Surrounded by supporters, he got into his car and was driven down the street lined with cheery citizens. Weve done it! Weve done it! he exclaimed exultantly. The Reichstag Fire and the Enabling Acts Despite his being sworn in as Chancellor, Hitlers coalition with the Nationalists still did not give them a majority, with only 247 seats out of a possible 583. On his first day as Chancellor, Hitler called for yet another election- to be held on March 5 1933. With the SS and the SA overcoming the police and ruling the nation, people who were being harassed or even murdered by the Nazis had nobody to go to. Several days passed and Hermann Gà ¶ring, an important member of the Nazi Party, claimed that he had uncovered plans for a Communist uprising. In actual fact, he had come across a membership list of the Communist Party and intended to arrest every one of its four thousand members. It is unknown what precisely happened on February 27 1933, but this is one rendition of the burning of the Reichstag Building. In Berlin, a deranged Communist named Marinus can deer Lubbe, 24, from Holland had, for the past week, been attempting to ignite government buildings to protest capitalism. It is though that Nazi Storm troopers had befriended the arsonist and even encouraged him to set light to the Reichstag. This happened at around 9 p.m. President Hindenburg and Vice-Chancellor Papen were dining at a club facing the Reichstag when they noticed the building was ablaze. Hitler was at the apartment of Joseph Goebbel- the Nazi in charge of Propaganda- at the time of the incident. When Hitler arrived at the scene, he told reporters the following: You are now witnessing the beginning of a great epoch [era] in German historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Thus fire is the beginningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The German people have been soft for too long. Every Communist official must be shot. All communist deputies must be hanged this very night. All friends of the Communists must be locked up. And that goes for the Democrats and the Reichsbanner as well. The following day, Hitler used the Reichstag fire to issue an emergency decree. Thousands of Communists, Social Democrats and Liberals were taken away top SA barracks to be beaten and tortured. Fifty-one anti-Nazis were brutally murdered. Fire engulfs the Reichstag Building February 27 1933On March 5, after an enormous propaganda campaign, the election results were in. The Nazis did not receive a majority- they were given only 44% of the vote or 17 277 180 votes. However, with their coalition with the Nationals, they did have a majority of 16 seats. Hitler now had a new goal. If he could obtain a two-thirds majority, then he could alter the constitution and give himself dictatorial powers. Needing only another 31 seats to do this, Hitler made use of blackmail, threats and false promises to have his Enabling Act voted for by opposition parties. The Enabling Act would, for four years, transfer power from the Reichstag to the Reich cabinet, including the power of legislation, budget, approval of treaties and constitutional amendments. When the Reichstag voted on the Enabling Act, it passed 441 to 84. All opposing acts were from the Social Democrats. Leader of the latter, Otto Wells, told Hitler subsequently: We German Social Democrats pledge ourselves solemnly in this historic hour to the principles of humanity and justice, of freedom and socialism. No Enabling Act can give you power to destroy ideas which are eternal and indestructible. Hitler, shouting with rage, replied with: You are no long needed!.. The star of Germany will rise and yours will sink! Your death knell has sounded! PART 2: THE NAZIS IN POWER Anti-Semitism from the Middle Ages EUROPE: Jews have always been the topic of hatred and ridicule since the death of Christ. The Jews were named Christ Killers and Murderers of God. This crime alone was considered so horrible that Jews were believed to be capable of any devilry. Martin Luther, founder of Protestantism, claimed that they were the Christians most vicious enemy, second only to Satan himself. Their synagogues should be set on fireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Their homes should likewise be broken down and destroyedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ let us drive them out of the country for all time. Martin Luther, 1542 During the Middle Ages, Jews were said to be responsible for the years of the Plague that killed millions of Europeans. They were also widely believed to murder Christians- especially innocent children- for use of their blood during religious ceremonies. The Nazis made good use of these stories, hundreds of years later. When Jewish blood spurts from the knife, then things go twice as wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ From the Horst Wessel Song, a Nazi Anthem The Jews rarely lived in peace. Entire communities were raided and destroyed. Children were taken from their parents and raised as Christians. Some who refused to give up their beliefs were burnt at the stake. Jews were forbidden to be doctors, lawyers and teachers of Christians. Nor could they hire Christians to work for them, prepare food for Christians, be cared for by Christian nurses or live in the same household as a non-Jew. At many times, Jews were forced to wear a special badge so that Christians could recognize any Jews and easily avoid them. This treatment of the Jews was the basis of Hitlers persecution hundreds of years later. According to Christianity, lending money and charging interest- usury- was a sin. Jews were used to fill this job, used by the powerful to collect taxes and supervise peasant farmers of large estates. This role gave rise to such generalizations as, All Jews are rich, and The Jews control all money. After being pushed out of numerous countries, including England, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany, Jews were forced to live in limited areas- Ghettos. GERMANY: During the 11th Century, Christian knights travelled to the Middle East to kill Moslems during the Crusades. However, many found easier victims closer to home. Massacres in German towns left thousands of Jews dead. In the years of the Plague, hundreds of Jewish towns were brought to ruins and the persecution continued. At all times, Jews found their homes attacked, their synagogues burned and their cemeteries dishonored. In many country villages it was custom to stone Jews during the Holy Week before Easter. The word Anti-Semitism was first used in 1873 in a small book called The Triumph of Jewry over Germanism by Wilhelm Marr. Nazi Anti-Semitic Laws The following timeline lists the Nazi restrictions against the Jews from 1933 to 1942: 1933 March- Jewish lawyers were forbidden to work as lawyers in Berlin. Jewish judges were suspended from office. April- Jewish teachers were banned from teaching in state schools. Aryan and non-Aryan children were forbidden to play with each other. Jewish civil servants were dismissed from public office. Jews were excluded from sports and gymnastics clubs. 1935 March- Jewish writers were not allowed to carry out any form of literary work in Germany. Jewish musicians were not allowed to work in state orchestras. April- Jews were only allowed to sit on benches marked For Jews. Jewish art and antique dealers were not allowed to carry out their trade. September- The Nuremberg Laws All Jews had their German citizenship removed. Marriage ceremonies and extramarital sex between Germans and Jews were punishable by imprisonment. Marriages that had already taken place were declared invalid. 1936 January- Jews had to hand over electrical and optical equipment, bicycles, typewriters and records. April- Jewish vets were banned from working as such. August- Anti-Jewish posters were temporarily removed during the Olympic Games which took place in Berlin. October- Even if Jews converted to Christianity and were baptised, they were still to be classed as members of the Jewish race. 1938 January- Jews were forbidden to become members of the Red Cross. March- Only Aryan Germans could hold allotments. April- Jews had to declare their finances so that their assets could be seized by the government. July- Non-Jews were forbidden to leave anything in their wills to Jews. Jewish doctors were no longer allowed to work as doctors. Jewish street names were changed. August- Male Jews were forced to add the name Israel and female Jews the name Sara to their first names. Jewish passports were to be stamped with the letter J. November- Nov. 9-10- Kristalnacht (Night Of Broken Glass). German Jews are ordered to pay one million Reichmarks in for damages of Krystalnacht. All Jewish children are expelled from German schools and can attend only separate Jewish schools. December- Jews are banned from public streets on certain days. Jews are forbidden drivers licenses and car registrations. Jews may no longer attend universities as teachers or students. Aryanization is compulsory for all Jewish businesses. 1939 February- Jews are forced to hand over all gold and silver items. April- Jews lose rights as tenants and relocated into Jewish houses. September- Jews in Germany are forbidden to be outdoors after 8 p.m. in winter and 9 p.m. in summer. Jews in Poland are ordered to register all family members and relocate to the major cities. November- Jews in Poland are forced to wear the Star of David. The first Polish Ghetto is established. 1941 March- Deadline for entering the Poland Ghetto. May- Romania passes a law condemning adult Jews to forced labour. 1942 June- The German government closes all Jewish schools. Nazi Education It rapidly became clear to Hitler and the Nazis that it would be difficult to convert many of the Germans who had voted against them in the democratic elections. Therefore, the Nazis especially focused on controlling the German educational system so that the youth of Germany would accept the Nazi Principles. As Hans Schemm- leader of the Nazi Teachers League, put it, Those who have the youth on their side control the future. In Warsaw, a street sign states: Jews are forbidden to walk on this side of the street.As soon as the Nazis gained power in 1933, they molded the educational system to suit their needs. Private schools were closed or taken over, and racial hygiene was introduced with much emphasis into the school curriculum. Though many teachers supported the new system, a very large number were fired or left teaching, with some of the best educators emigrating. In 1934, Hitler appointed Bernhard Rust the Reichsminister fà ¼r Wissenschaft, Erziehung and Volksbildung, or the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Popular Culture. Rust was a former school teacher who had been fired for molesting a student. Rust immediately altered the schools to suit the needs of the Nazi Party. Jewish teachers and others who opposed the changes were fired. The remaining teachers and university professors were forced to join the National Socialist Teachers League. Anti-Semitism was also emphatically thrust upon students. Exams were given on topics such as this, and Jewish children would fail if they did not admit to their racial inferiority. Bernhard Rust continued as Minister of Education for twelve years before, in May 1945, he committed suicide when the Germans surrendered to Allied Forces. Kristalnacht The Nazi restrictions against the Jews steadily worsened. On October 28 1938, 17000 Jewish Polish citizens living in Germany were arrested and relocated across the Polish border and placed in relocation camps. One deportee was Zindel Grynszpan who had lived in Germany since 1911. On October 27, he and his family were forced out of their home, their store and their family possessions confiscated. A shattered storefront Kristalnacht- November 9-10- 1938 A burning synagogue at Baden-Baden Kristalnacht- November 9-10- 1938Grynszpans 17-year-old son, Herschel, was, at that time, living in Paris. When he heard of his familys relocation, he was so enraged that he travelled to the German embassy in Paris, intent on assassinating the German Ambassador. Instead, he settled for a lesser official, Third Secretary Ernst vom Rath. Rath, critically wounded, died two days later. This assassination gave Joseph Goebbels, Hitlers Chief of Propaganda, an excuse to launch an attack against German Jews. On the nights of November 9 and 10, mobs throughout Germany and Austria freely attacked Jews in the street, in their homes, at work and their synagogues. This event came to be known as Kristalnacht or the Night of Broken Glass. At least 96 Jews were mercilessly killed, hundreds more were injured, more than 1000 synagogues were burnt to the ground and around 7 500 Jewish businesses were destroyed. Cemeteries and schools were vandalized and 30 000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. It was unfairly decided by Nazi Officials that the Jews were to be held responsible for Kristalnacht. Accordingly, a fine of 1 billion marks was levied for the slaying of Vom Rath, and 6 million marks paid by insurance companies for broken windows was to be given to the state coffersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Snyder, Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Paragon House, 1989:201) PART 3: THE HOLOCAUST The Creation of Ghettos in occupied Europe Though confining the Jewish race in ghettos had been occurring for centuries in numerous European countries, the Nazis ghettos somewhat differed. Whilst in previous centuries the ghettos had merely been a way to isolate the Jews from normal society, during the Holocaust they were a first step towards the Final Solution. In total, the Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Hungary. The largest ghetto, in Warsaw, held 400 000 people. Other cities with large ghettos for Jews include Là ³dz, Bialystok, Czestochowa, Kielce, Krakà ³w, Lublin, Lvà ³v, Radom and Vilna. These large ghettos had brick or stone walls, wooden fences, barbed wire and guards placed at gateways. There were also a very large number of small ghettos, some housing as few as 3000 Jews. These were generally not sealed off as they were only used temporarily until the Jews could be sent to a larger ghetto. The conditions within these ghettos were very poor. Disease ravaged the over-crowded residents, and there was insufficient access to warm clothes and heating during the bitter cold winters. Starvation was an ongoing problem for many. Though it was illegal, parents continued to educate their children and many secretly held religious services and observed Jewish holidays. The Nazis built the Theresienstadt (or Terezà ­n) ghetto in northwestern Czechoslovakia to show visiting International Red Cross Inspectors the conditions in a typical ghetto. Flower gardens, cafà ©s and schools were constructed to shield the international community from the inhumane mistreatment of the Jewish and other people. The Einsatzgruppen The Einsatzgruppen (or Mobile Killing Units) were specially trained units of the S.S., whose orders were to execute on the spot all Communists, Jews, Gyspies and any other people deemed a threat or inferior. By the end of the war the Einsatzgruppen had murdered around 1.4 mill